The temperature of a beer changes the drinker’s experience. Warmer temperatures reveal the range of flavors in a beer but cooler temperatures are considered more refreshing. Drinking chilled beer didn’t really begin until the development of artificial refrigeration in the 1870s, so 18th Century beer would always be fermented and served at room temperature (~20C) …
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Doctor Heal Thyself — 18th Century Medicine Gone Wrong
Humphry Davy Nearly Died Laughing Surgery in the 18th Century was a brutal affair. Often the last resort treatment for severe wounds, surgery was undertaken in the 18th century only when death was likely as the act often resulted in infection and death anyway. What was needed, beyond an understanding of germ theory and clean …
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Why Did Washington Only Serve Two Terms?
We applaud George Washington for his decision to end his presidency after two terms. The peaceful transition of power is the hallmark of American History and with only one exception, every president has chosen to follow Washington’s lead. George Washington helped unify the new nation and was a leading force behind the ratification of the …
National Treasure — Lost Gold at the Bottom of the Hell’s Gate
At the confluence of the Harlem and East Rivers is a narrow tidal channel – the Hell Gate. On the map, this looks like an ideal waterway between the Long Island Sound and Manhattan but Its fast currents change multiple times a day and it used to be riddled with rocks just beneath the surface …
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Doctor Heal Thyself — 18th Century Medicine Gone Wrong
Isaac Newton Stuck a Needle in His Own Eye Isaac Newton voluntarily stuck a needle in his eye in the name of science. The experiment was designed to test optics and color perception. He thought that if he slid a long needle behind his eyeball, between the eye and the eye socket, and started poking, his vision would …
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Be careful what you wish for: Toasting Superstitions
Okay, I get it. Making a toast is a challenge. You must stand in front of the crowd, think on your feet and come up with something witty. It is fun but scary. Then there is the fact that some people choose not to drink – do we leave them out: of course not! But …
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How Did Americans Actually Transfer Money To France For The Louisiana Purchase?
Closing on a real estate deal is a lot of paperwork and promissory notes. Even if you pay “cash,” no one (except perhaps a mafia boss) will accept a suitcase filled with several hundred thousand dollars in cash. It’s just too easy to counterfeit. So, how did James Monroe and Robert Livingston, who concluded a …
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America’s First PLANNED City
Having witnessed plague in London in 1665 and the famously calamitous fire of 1666, Penn wanted his Philadelphia to be ‘a greene countrie towne, which will never be burnt, and allways be wholsome.’ The way he proposed to achieve this was by planning the city so that it was ordered and regulated. Orderly space, Penn …
“Uncle Sam” and “G.I.” were Appropriated Terms for Ordinary Things.
Samuel Wilson, a meat packer in Troy, New York, supplied barrels of beef to the United States Army during the War of 1812. To segregate barrels that were shipped to the Army from those he shipped to his other customers, he stamped the barrels with “U.S.” for United States. Soldiers receiving the shipments began referring …
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The Beginning of Submarine Warfare — September 7, 1776
During the Revolutionary War, the American submersible craft Turtle attempted to attach a time bomb to the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe’s flagship Eagle in New York Harbor. It was the first use of a submarine in warfare. The Continental Army out armed, outmanned, and outmatched by the British at almost every angle. This …
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Michael Carver -- Historical Interpreter/Reenactor 