A surveyor’s artificial horizon is a device developed by London instrument maker John Elton in 1732, this tool (traditionally a tray of mercury but this can be oil, water, or a specialized mirror) allows “for taking altitudes without a horizon.” With the artificial horizon, precise latitude readings may be taken with a sextant when a natural horizon is obscured by fog, mountains, or trees. The user sights both a celestial body (e.g. Polaris) and its reflection, yielding double the actual altitude.

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