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In 1730 Thomas Godfrey of Philadelphia invented what was referred to as a double reflecting sextant.  At the same time, entirely independent of Godfrey, John Hadley, an English mathematician and astronomer, invented the Hadley’s Quadrant which was also a double reflecting.  Both instruments were equipped with half mirrors and sights.  Latitude measurements were taken by viewing a celestial object (e.g. Polaris) on one side of the mirror and aligning it with the image of the horizon on the other.  During the late eighteenth century and most of the nineteenth centuries, the quadrant and sextant were the standard means of navigating.

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