The Pennsylvania Turnpike — 1791

In June, 1791, a private turnpike company was formed ‘for mak­ing an artificial road from the City of Philadelphia to the Borough of Lancaster’ — a distance of sixty-six miles. It was the first stone paved turn­pike of substantial length in the country, and the most costly and ambitious public works project undertaken up to …

How to Survey Land with 18th Century Tools – Measuring Elevations

Measuring how high a hill rises or whether a field is level involves the following equipment: A Jacobs Staff — a stick or pole with length markings. A set of chaining pins – markers that can be placed in the ground A Gunter’s Chain – a steel chain of 100 links exactly 66 feet long …

The danger of always marching in lockstep

If you’ve ever been part of an organization that marches — not just the military but even marching bands and re-enactors (sort of) — you know what it means to march in lockstep.  Everyone steps in precision to a standard cadence (usually 120 steps/min, 28 in/step) and one person takes a step with his left …

On December 13, 1636 our First “Citizen Soldiers” were Mustered.

While several of our military branches can be justifiably proud of over 246 years of service to our nation, one component of the military goes back much further! The National Guard is the direct descendent of America’s first militias. The oldest regiments drilled for the first time on the village green in Salem, Massachusetts, on …

Louisiana Purchase finalized 12/20/1803

On December 12, 1803 the United States completed the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Frans for $15 million.  This territory encompassed 530,000,000 acres of territory. As the United States spread across the Appalachians, the Mississippi River became an increasingly important conduit for the produce of America’s West (which at that time referred to the …

The Scourge of Slavery (#12) — How the Liberty Bell got its name

Every year millions of people come to Philadelphia to see the “Liberty Bell.”  This large bell was commissioned in 1751 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly to hang in the new State House in Philadelphia. At the time it was commissioned, there was no thought about Independence.  Philadelphia was the third most important city in the …